Given the 20-year lifespan of the internal combustion engine (ICE), designers also need to contend with a legislative framework that demands smaller, more efficient, yet lower emission engines. 

The trend to downsize engines is also driven by the need for smaller power units that contribute to light-weighting strategies, which are at the top of most vehicle manufacturers’ agendas. While this sounds relatively simple in theory, ICE downsizing poses a set of unique challenges further down the supply chain – specifically for those at the forefront of engine casting and it is Grainger & Worrall that is tasked with turning these plans into a practical reality.